1.1 History of the UN

Wilson stated that world peace could be achieved and maintained by the international institution established by states. (Sandikli & Kaya, 2014: 137) For this purpose, the League of Nations was established after the First World War but the outbreak of the Second World War indicated that the League of Nations had failed in for protecting international peace and security. (Baehr, 2001:887) Therefore, The United Nations was established in 1945 by the states that won the Second World War instead of the League of Nations. The UN today consisting of 193 member countries. (United Nations, 2018)

The main goal of the United Nations preserves world peace. (Agir & Aksu, 2017:45) The UN aims to ensure peace and international security as well as fundamental human rights, gender equality, and economic and social welfare of all peoples, according to its charter. Unlike the League of Nations, The UN has sanction power such as socio-economic and military measures. (Mgboji,2006:860 cited by Birdisli, 2010:173).

1.2 The Organs of the UN

According to Article 7 of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC); the Trusteeship Council; the International Court of Justice; and the Secretariat.

1.2.1 General Assembly

The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. All Member States of the UN (193) are represented in the General Assembly. The full UN membership meets in the General Assembly, every year, in September. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members, and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are by the simple majority. The General Assembly, each year, elects a General Assembly President to serve a one-year term of office. (United Nations, 2018)

According to the Charter of the United Nations, the duties of the General Assembly:

• The General Assembly considers and approves the budget of the Organization. It considers and approves any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and examines the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies to make recommendations to the agencies concerned.
• It may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or the Security Council or both.
• It promotes international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification.
• It promotes international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
• The General Assembly approves the international trusteeship for areas not designated as strategic.
• The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.
• The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with such matters.
• It may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations.
• The General Assembly receives and considers annual and special reports from the Security Council and other organs.
• It elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the members of the Economic and Social Council, and the members of the Trusteeship Council.
• It approves new Members to the United Nations, suspends the rights and privileges of membership, expulses members.

1.2.2 Security Council

Although the Security Council is the most authoritative organ of the UN in the protection of international peace and security, It significantly works on the protection of human rights, today. (Ozer, 2016:211) The Security Council is the executive organ of the United Nations. (Agir; Aksu, 2017:45) The Security Council consists of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great, and the United States of America are permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly elects ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council. (Karluk, 2014:153)

The non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected for a term of two years. A retiring member isn’t eligible for immediate re-election. Decisions of the Security Council are made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members, but the state which causes the dispute cant vote in the related decision. (Article 27)

According to Article 24, to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.

If the Security Council determines the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression, it makes the recommendations, or decide the measures, to protect peace and security. (Aral, 2013:9)

However, the veto right given to 5 permanent members caused to lose the function of the Security Council. The main reason for this situation has been that the 5 permanent member states have been divided into 2 blocks and have had different opinions about world policy since the Cold War era.

1.2.3 Secretariat

The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and the international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization’s other principal organs. The Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer of the UN, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year. A person may be elected a maximum of 2 times as The Secretary-General. (The United Nations, 2018)

1.2.4 Economic and Social Council

According to Articles 61 and 62 of the Charter of the United Nations, The Economic and Social Council consists of fifty-four Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly. The Economic and Social Council may make studies and reports regarding international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations regarding any such matters to the General Assembly to the Members of the United Nations, or may call international conferences on matters falling within its competence. It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.

1.2.5 International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice is the judicial organ of the United Nations. Each Member of the United Nations is obligated to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party. The Court consists of 15 judges. Judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, for nine years. Only one judge can be present for one state in court. The International Court of Justice is in Lahey, a city of the Netherlands. (Birdisli, 2010:175)

1.2.6 Trusteeship Council

The purpose of the establishment of the Trusteeship Council improves the economic, social, and political conditions of the colonies and makes them self-governing in the process. Because almost all colonial nations have become independent, the Trusteeship Council has lost its function. (Aral, 2013:10)

Bibliography

AGIR O.; AKSU Z.; (2017), Evaluation Of United Nations Policies for Syria Crisis, ASSAM International Refereed Journal,  Volume 4, Issue 9.

ARAL B.; (2013), Birlesmis Milletler ve Uluslararasi Esitsizlik, Seta Analiz, Issue 72.

BAEHR P.; (2001), “The United Nations”, Encyclopedia of Government And Politics, Vol. 2, (Editor: M. E. Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan), p. 887.

BIRDISLI, F.; (2013), Preventives Ability of the United Nation (UN) about International Problems,  The Journal of International Social Research, 3/11

KARLUK, R.; (2014), Kuresellesen Dunyada Uluslararasi Kuruluslar, Istanbul, Beta.

OZER KIZILSUMER D.; (2016), Protection Of Human Rights in The Organizational Structure of the United Nations, The Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Business Journal, Volume 17, Issue 2, p. 205-234

SANDIKLI, A. ve KAYA, E., (2014). Uluslararasi Iliskiler Teorileri ve Baris, Online Link: https://www.academia.edu/3549621/Uluslararasi_iliskiler_teorileri_ve_baris, Accessed Date: 30.09.2020.

The Charter of the United Nations:

https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/introductory-note/index.html

Online Links:

http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/overview/ 14.10.2018

http://www.un.org/en/ga/ 14.10.2018

The Karez System in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China (East Turkestan) was built approximately 2000-2500 years ago.¹ The name of Karez given by Uyghurs to water channel systems. In Iran, these systems are known as Qanat or Kariz, and in northern Africa as Fuqara. Similar systems are known from more than 34 countries in the world.²

The Karez Wells system was recognized as one of three major ancient engineering projects, along with the Great Wall and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.  The People’s Republic of China restored the channels for tourism in 2005. The channels have been recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites in 2008.³  

Besides tourism, the channels still active and transport water to the region for agriculture. According to Ayse Suberker, (TRT Turk TV, presenter of Uyghur Karez Channels Documentary) 1784 channels have been identified and 614 of these channels are still active. In a year, 301 million cubic meters of water is transported from the mountains to the city. The source of the transported water by the Karez System is the snow that melts in the Xinjiang Tianshan Mountain. The channels’ length is 500 kilometers. The waters transported by the channels cross the 60 km desert and reach the city of Turpan. Turpan has a warm climate. Therefore, the channels were built 100 meters below the ground to prevent water evaporation.⁴

According to Camille Jetzer, today 545 channels are active but 200 of them are working properly. Uyghurs believe that the channels are named after the owner of the channels and they say that the first names of channels are known.⁵ Nowadays, the question of who built the channels is disputed by the Uyghur Turks and Chinese. The construct date indicates that the Karez system was built by the Turks or the Chinese.

According to Jetzer’s study, Karez channels directly impressed the Uyghurs’ songs, poems, and lifestyles and they became part of the national identity of Uyghurs.⁶ The thesis supporting that the Chinese built the Karez system reference a claim that the Turks’ didn’t have an architectural knowledge to build it. Ibn-i Fadlan cited a story about the city built by Turks in his travel book.⁷

Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban Al Tabari⁸:

The most beautiful city established in the world is in one of the Turk’s state. There was a bogland in the state. The Turk’s Khan had the direction of the river changed. By order of the Khan, the workers dug a widely foundation (40 cubits⁹ approximately 30 meters),  then  they built two walls by using brick and lime. The width of each wall was 10 cubits and there was a distance of 20 cubits between the two walls. When the walls reached the ground level they filled the gap between the walls with sand and mud. After the walls rose 50 cubits, they established the city and built palace and houses. They surrounded the city with a ditch and gave water to the ditch. Not long after, around a year, the bogland became as a huge forest. After the city established, the Khan lived in the city with his family and brought the state treasury. This is the most beautiful city established in the world. 

As a result, there is no information about the city, which Tabari mentions, or when the city was founded. As Tabari lived in Tabaristan, where Turks founded states throughout history (It is located in Northern Iran, nowadays.), what he told could be the truth.

On the other hand, there is no other structure similar to the Turpan Karez Channels in China. Therefore, the possibility that the Turpan Karez water channels were built by the Turks is more likely than the possibility that they were built by the Chinese.

References

[1] Chunliang Cui, Shalamu Abudu, Zhuping Sheng, Donghai Guan, The Karez System in China’s Xinjiang Region, Online Link: https://www.mei.edu/publications/karez-system-chinas-xinjiang-region#_ftn1, Accessed Date: 20.09.2020
[2] Abudu S., Sheng Z., King J.P., Ahn SR. (2019) A Karez System’s Dilemma: A Cultural Heritage on a Shelf or Still a Viable Technique for Water Resiliency in Arid Regions. In: Yang L., Bork HR., Fang X., Mischke S. (eds) Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road. Springer, Cham.
[3] Unesco, Online Link: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5347/ Accessed Date: 21.05.2017
[4] Ayse Suberker, Trt Turk Tv, Uyghur Karez Channels Documentary, Online Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5H1-u5Sx8o, Accessed Date: 22.05.2017
[5] Camille Jetzer, Water at the Boundaries Conserving the Karez in Turpan, Northwest China, Oxford, 2015, page 20-26
[6] Camille Jetzer, same study, page 41
[7] Ibn Fadlan, Ibn-i Fadlan Seyahatnamesi, page 51,  (The book was translated English by Paul Nunde as the name of “Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North”)
[8] Tabari is the physician of the Khalifa el-Mutevekkil. He was Jewish before he accepted Islam. Firdevs el-Hikme is the famous work of him. He died around 860 years.
[9] Cubit: It is a unit of length used by Turks in the past.
[10] Image 2: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00728-7_22#citeas

It is known that Turks have a warrior character throughout history. Accepting the religion of Islam didn’t change their character. The studies about Turks show that they used the elements of nature in their battles. In this study, I examine the Turks’ Military Strategies related to nature in history.

Using “Yada Stone” for Rain or Snow

The Turks having lived in past believed that the Tengri (God) gave to Turks a magical stone called the “Yada Stone”. When the shaman wanted to rain, snow, and storm using the Yada Stone, it occurred. Turkish shaman and the Turkish commanders had Yada stone, all the time. In Islamic sources, this magical stone called “Rain stone” and “Cada stone”.¹  Abdulkadir İnan claims that this stone was used in wars. The events that will be based on these claims are mentioned in the Evliya Celebi’s travel book and Ibni Fadlan’s travel book. Mahmud al-Kashgari who described this stone as magic claimed that it is possible to get rain or snow by using this magic.²

Mahmud al-Kashgari cited his observation about the Yada Stone in his book of Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ( Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk).

Mahmud al-Kashgari:

“Yada stone is a well-known thing in Turks. I saw it with my eyes in the Yagma Country. There was a fire there. It was summer. They used the Yada Stone and put out the fire by snow by God’s permission.”³

According to many witnesses (authors or travelers), Turks used this stone in wars. Nowadays, there are some traditions related to Yada Stone in some parts of Turkey where people need rain for agriculture.⁴

Wolf Trap Tactic

This tactic is also referred to as the Crescent Tactic and the Turan Tactic. It is called the wolf trap tactic because it was similar to the hunting tactic of wolves. In the wolf trap tactic, the army is divided into three parts. Firstly, central forces attack the enemy. After a while, the center troops withdraw from the enemy as if they are running away so that enemy comes to trap and are surrounded by troops who are located left and right. The most important battles in which the tactic is used successfully are the Battle of Manzikert and Battle of Mohács.⁵

Using Elephants as a Weapon in Wars

For the first time in the Turks’ history, Emir Timur used elephants as a weapon in the battle against Indians.

Timur used the elephants as a weapon after he saw them in Indian troops during the war in 1397-1398. Even using the elephants in war belongs to originally the Indians, Timur used them more successfully than the Indians. When Timur’s troops faced the elephants in the Indian Army, it was withdrawn as soldiers and horses were afraid of them. Timur made iron forks shaped triangular and threw them on the way of elephants at night. After that, in the morning, he orders his troops to retreat. The enemy soldiers pursued them until the area where iron forks are thrown. The elephants retreated when iron forks pricked their feet and while they were retreating, they trampled down Indian troops. Timur won the battle against the Indians by using their elephants.⁶

Another battle in India, Timur got a lot of reeds to beat the elephants. After Timur’s troops burn the reeds, they threw them to elephants when the elephants came near them. Thanks to retreated elephants, Timur won the war.⁷

Emir Timur used 32 armored elephants in the Battle of Ankara against the Ottoman after he learned how to use elephants in battle. The elephants roled a major in Timur’s victory. Thus, Timur added a new strategy to the Turks’ military strategies.⁸ 

As a result, the study shows that Turks used the elements of nature in their battles throughout history and they won many battles thanks to the strategies.

References

[1] Abdulkadir Inan, Eski Turk Dini Tarihi, p. 161-163
[2] Jean-Paul Roux, Eski Turk Mitolojisi, p. 136
[3] Bayram Erdogan, Sorularla Türk Mitolojisi, Istanbul, 2007, p.174
[4] Sadettin Gomec, Shamanism And Old Turkish Religion, Pamukkale University Journal of Education, v.4, p.47
[5] Milliyet, Online Link: http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turklerin-tarih-boyunca-kullandigi-5-savas-taktigi-mola-311/?Sayfa=4, Accessed Date: 22.05.2017
[6] Musa Samil Yuksel, Tamerlane’s Description According to Arab Historians, Bilig, v.31, p.93
[7] Musa Samil Yuksel, p.93.
[8] J. Darby, The History of Timur-Bec: Known by the Name of Tamerlane the Great, Emperor of the Moguls and Tartars: Being a Historical Journal of His Conquests in Asia and Europe, V 2, p.251, 1723
[9] Image 2, Timurid war elephant armor, located in Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds, UK (Photography courtesy of http://trueartisangsty.blogspot.com)

In the belief of Tengri, the shaman acts as a religious man, but in different sources, these people are engaged in witchcraft. The most important object required to perform the ritual is the drum. The Altai and the Saha’s call these drum as “the Tungur.” (“Tungur” means tambourine and shaman drum.) The drum has been used by the Turks since the earliest periods of history. Chinese archives also indicate that the shaman drums have been used by Turks since the earliest periods of history. [1]

The shaman drum mainly is made of beech and cedar tree. In the same way, the inner stem of the drum is made of beech and cedar tree, too. The trees are used for shaman drums because they are considered sacred by the Turks. Moreover, the skin forming the surface of the drum can not be chosen randomly. Researchers state that the skin of deer or mountain goat is mostly used. After the drum is made, pictures with symbolic meaning are made on the surface of the drum. [2]

The surface of the drum reflects the cosmic universe. The drum is divided by horizontal and vertical lines. In addition, the horizontal and vertical lines can point to four main directions (North, South, West, East). The horizontal line divides the world into two more parts: the sky and the earth. [3]

I explained the meaning of the symbols on the shaman drum which consists of the main cosmos of Turkish mythology.

1. It establishes the connection between the earth and the sky and it divides the earth into two main parts as well as divides the earth into four parts. In some of the shaman drums which are found in archaeological excavations were observed that the World Tree was used instead of these lines.
2. Steel or rattle entered between earth and sky.
3. “Ucmag”- Ucmag means the heaven where believers’ soul goes by flying.
4. The hell where Erlik Khan has ruled.
5. The sky is composed of 17 floors. Shaman only comes through sacrifice and a soul. Horses are the most important sacrificial animal in the belief of  Tengri. It is also believed that horses will bring souls to the skies.
6. In the Turks, birds are sacred. It is also referred to as living beings who can connect between the sky and the earth. These are the soul birds that help shaman.
7. The deer are sacred creatures in the belief in the Tengri. One of the most important sacrificial animals of the shamans to bring the shaman in the sky.
8. If 3 lines are under the tree, they are the symbol of a mountain; if they are near the sky, they are the symbol of a rainbow.
9. The number of people can be 6, 7, 8, 9. These are the souls that help the shaman. If there are seven people in the figure, these are the daughters of Tengri. (Tengri’s name is Mr. Ulgen in the belief of Tengri.) The people in the figure help to bring the shaman to the sky.
10. The sky in which Mr. Ulgen lives. The moon, the sun, and the stars located there, too.

References

[1] Sadettin Gomec,  Shamanism and Old Turkish Religion, Pamukkale University Journal of Education, v.4, p.43
[2] Yasar Coruhlu, Turk Mitolojisinin Ana Hatlari, p.96
[3] Yasar Coruhlu, Turk Mitolojisinin Ana Hatlari, p.99
[4] Image 1 Online Link:  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2751139/Summoning-spirits-ancestors-Shamans-world-gather-Siberia-ceremony-timed-coincide-cosmic-cycles.html
[5] Image 2 Metin OZ, 

]]> https://www.academicnetwork.net/how-to-write-a-research-paper.html Sun, 01 Mar 2020 00:12:27 +0000 https://www.academicnetwork.net/?p=464 If you want to write a research article or paper, first, you need to start to write the article by learning the preparation phase not by learning spelling rules.]]>

If you want to learn writing a research paper, firstly you should learn the preparation phase. When you complete the preparation phase, you can write the paper easily.

FIRST SECTION

1)PREPARATION PHASE OF WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

1.1) Selecting the Topic

Firstly, you should ask yourself two questions before you select a topic. The first question is the topic which you plan to study has been studied enough? The second question is if I work on the topic, can I contribute anything?” If one of the answers is positive, you can select the topic. The key to successful studies starts with selecting the right topic.

1.2) Determining the Purpose of the Study

You can defend or reject any opinion in your paper. Firstly, ask yourself what is the purpose of the study before you start it? The answer will guide your study.

1.3) Literature Search

The main sources of scientific studies are theses, research papers, academic journals, books, papers presented at symposiums or congresses, statutes, etc. The news can be used as a non-direct source because it is accepted as non-scientific.  You can use libraries and the internet for reaching books, thesis, and academic journals free.

Online Academic Sources:

Academic Indexes For Journals (SCOPUS, DOAJ, Web of Science, etc.)

Google Academic (scholar.google.com)

Academia  (academia.edu)

Researchgate  (researchgate.net)

Regardless of what the purpose of the study is, you sufficiently should read the studies which are supporting your idea or the contrary. Don’t forget to highlight the important parts of your sources while you are reading. Nowadays papers can be reached online. If your source is a pdf file, highlight with yellow pencil on Adobe Acrobat Reader. If not, take notes by taking pictures. I recommend you to merge all your notes about sources in a word file. Although this method seems difficult, it makes your job easier in the writing process.

1.4) Making The Paper Unique

There are two ways to make your paper unique. The first one is a field study. If your topic suitable for field study, I recommend you to do a questionnaire study or interview. The second one is using foreign studies as a source. Using a foreign source is easier than a field study. You should make a decision which is suitable for you and your paper. If you have time and your paper suitable for field study, I recommend you to use both.

SECOND SECTION

2.) THE RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE

2.1)  Essentials of Research Paper

• You must add an introduction page that includes your paper’s title, your name, your educational information, and an abstract of your paper which is written in the paper’s language and English to the first page of your paper.
• The abstract should not exceed 200 words.
• You must add at least 3 keywords below the abstracts and sort the keywords in alphabetical order.
• You must add an introductory chapter, conclusion, and bibliography.

2.2) Frequently Asked Questions about Writing a Paper

1. What is the margin of paper? 
2. Which citation system should I use?
3. How many pages should I write at least?

The answers depend on the institution or journal which you plan to publish. If you plan to publish your paper in a journal, you should learn the format of the journal (citation system; APA or MLA, margin, etc.) before you start to write it. If you plan to present the paper at the college or scientific organization (seminar, symposium, or congress), you should learn the format of them.

2.3) Advices

• Prefer a fluent language while writing papers.
• Do not make plagiarism. Plagiarism is a crime that can be detected using plagiarism software easily.
• Wait at least a week before publishing your paper. You can take notice of the mistakes in your paper easily thanks to the waiting period.
• Do not avoid adding visuals to papers.
• Do not panic! Writing a paper is easier than in your mind. Just focus on your study. That’s all you need!